The Lamb's Supper Read online

  “Behold the Lamb of God!” (Jn 1:36). Why did Jesus have to be a lamb, and not a stallion or a tiger or a bull? Why does Revelation portray Jesus as a “lamb standing as if slain” (Rev 5:6)? Why must the Mass proclaim Him as the “Lamb of God”? Because only a sacrificial lamb fits the divine pattern of our salvation.

  Moreover, Jesus was priest as well as victim, and as priest He could do what no other high priest could do. For the high priest entered “the Holy Place yearly with blood not his own” (Heb 9:25), and even then stayed only briefly before his unworthiness drove him out. But Jesus entered the holiest of holies—heaven—once for all, to offer Himself as our sacrifice. What is more, by Jesus' new Passover, we, too, have been made a kingdom of priests and the Church of the firstborn (see Rev 1:6; Heb 12:23, and compare to Ex 4:22 and 19:6); and with Him we enter heaven's sanctuary, whenever we go to Mass. We'll revisit all these images later on, when we see that holiest of holies in the Book of Revelation, with its altar, and its Temple, its incense, and its omnipresent Lamb.

  DON'T PASS OVER THIS FEAST

  But what does this mean to us today? How should we celebrate our Passover? St. Paul gives us a clue: “Christ, our paschal lamb, has been sacrificed. Let us, therefore celebrate the festival . . . with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth” (1 Cor 5:7–8). Our Passover lamb, then, is unleavened bread. Our festival is the Mass (see 1 Cor 10:15–21; 11:23–32).

  In the clear light of the New Covenant, the Old Covenant sacrifices make sense as preparation for the one sacrifice of Jesus Christ, our royal high priest in the heavenly sanctuary. And it is this one sacrifice we offer, with Jesus, in the Mass. In this light, we see the prayers of the Mass with new clarity.

  We offer You His body and blood, the acceptable sacrifice which brings salvation to the whole world. Lord, look upon this sacrifice which You have given to Your Church . . . (Eucharistic Prayer IV).

  [F]rom the many gifts You have given us we offer to You, God of glory and majesty, this holy and perfect sacrifice. . . . Look with favor on these offerings and accept them as once You accepted the gifts of Your servant Abel, the sacrifice of Abraham, our father in faith, and the bread and wine offered by Your priest Melchizedek. Almighty God, we pray that Your angel may take this sacrifice to Your altar in heaven(Eucharistic Prayer I).

  It is not enough that Christ bled and died for our sake. Now we have our part to play. As with the Old Covenant, so with the New. If you want to mark your covenant with God, to seal your covenant with God, to renew your covenant with God, you have to eat the Lamb—the paschal lamb Who is our unleavened bread. It begins to sound familiar. “Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink His blood, you have no life in you” (Jn 6:54).

  RETURN ON INVESTMENT

  Man's primal need to worship God has always expressed itself in sacrifice: worship that is simultaneously an act of praise, atonement, self-giving, covenant, and thanksgiving (in Greek, eucharistia). The various forms of sacrifice have one common, positive meaning: life is surrendered in order to be transformed and shared. So when Jesus spoke of His life as a sacrifice, He tapped into a current running deep in the souls of His Apostles—running deep in the souls of Israelites—running deep in every human soul. In the twentieth century, Mohandas Gandhi, who was a Hindu, called “worship without sacrifice” an absurdity of the modern age. But worship is not so for Catholics. Our supreme act of worship is a supreme act of sacrifice: the Lamb's Supper, the Mass.

  Sacrifice is a need of the human heart. But, until Jesus, no sacrifice would suffice. Remember Psalm 116:12: “How shall I make a return to the Lord for all the good He has done for me?” How, indeed?

  God knew all along what our answer would be. “The cup of salvation I will take up, and I will call upon the name of the Lord” (Ps 116:13).

  THREE

  From the Beginning

  THE MASS OF THE FIRST CHRISTIANS

  CANNIBALISM” and “human sacrifice” were charges often whispered against the first generations of Christians. The early Christian apologists took them up in order to dismiss them as gossip. Yet through the distorted lens of the pagans' gossip, we can see what was the most identifiable element of Christian life and worship.

  It was the Eucharist: the re-presentation of the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, the sacramental meal where Christians consumed Jesus' body and blood. It was the distortion of these facts of faith that led to pagan calumnies against the Church—though it's easy to see how the pagans misunderstood. In the early Church, only the baptized were permitted to attend the sacraments, and Christians were discouraged from even discussing these central mysteries with non-Christians. So the pagan imagination was left to run wild, fueled by small scraps of fact: “this is My body . . . this is the cup of My blood . . . Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink His blood . . .” The pagans knew that to be a Christian was to participate in some strange and secretive rites.

  To be a Christian was to go to Mass. This was true from the first day of the New Covenant. Just hours after Jesus rose from the dead, He found His way to a table with two disciples. “He took the bread and blessed, and broke it, and gave it to them. And their eyes were opened . . . He was known to them in the breaking of the bread” (Lk 24:30–31, 35). The centrality of the Eucharist is evident also in the Acts of the Apostles' capsule description of the early Church's life: “They devoted themselves to the Apostles' teaching and fellowship, to the breaking of bread and the prayers” (Acts 2:42). St. Paul's First Letter to the Corinthians (ch. 11) contains a veritable handbook of liturgical theory and practice. Paul's letter reveals his concern to transmit the precise form of the liturgy, in the words of institution taken from Jesus' Last Supper. “For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when He was betrayed took bread, and when He had given thanks, He broke it, and said, “This is My body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of Me.' In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in My blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me' ” (1 Cor 11:23–25). Paul emphasizes the importance of the doctrine of the Real Presence and sees dire consequences in unbelief: “Any one who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment upon himself” (1 Cor 11:29).

  GUIDED MISSAL

  We note the same themes as we move from the New Testament books to other Christian sources from the age of the Apostles and immediately afterward. The doctrinal content is identical, and the vocabulary remains remarkably similar, even as the faith spread to other lands and other languages. The clergy, teachers, and defenders of the early Church were united in their concern to preserve the Eucharistic doctrines: the Real Presence of Jesus' body and blood under the appearance of bread and wine; the sacrificial nature of the liturgy; the necessity of properly ordained clergy; the importance of ritual form. Thus, the witness to the Church's Eucharistic doctrines is unbroken, from the time of the Gospels till today.

  Aside from the books of the New Testament, the earliest Christian writing that has survived is a liturgical manual—what we might call a missal—contained within a document called theDidache (Greek for “Teaching”). The Didache claims to be the collected “Teaching of the Apostles,” and was likely compiled in Antioch, Syria (see Acts 11:26), sometime during the years A.D. 50–110. The Didache uses the word “sacrifice” four times to describe the Eucharist, once stating plainly that “this is the sacrifice that was spoken of by the Lord.” From the Didache we also learn that the usual day of the liturgy was “the Lord's day” and that it was customary to repent of one's sins before receiving the Eucharist. “On the Lord's own day gather yourselves together and break bread and give thanks, first confessing your transgressions, that your sacrifice may be pure.” As for the order of the sacrifice, the Didache offers a Eucharistic Prayer that is stunning in its poetry. We can find its echoes in liturgies and hymns of Christians today, both Eastern and Western:


  As this broken bread was scattered upon the mountains and, gathered together, became one, so may Your Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into Your kingdom; for Yours is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever and ever. But let no one eat or drink of this Eucharistic thanksgiving, except those who have been baptized into the name of the Lord. . . .

  Almighty Master, You created all things for Your name's sake, and gave food and drink to men for enjoyment, that they might give thanks to You; but You bestowed upon us spiritual food and drink and eternal life through Your Son. . . .

  Remember, Lord, Your Church. Deliver it from all evil and perfect it in Your love; and gather it together from the four winds—the Church that has been sanctified—into Your kingdom which You have prepared for it.

  ROOTS IN ISRAEL

  The liturgy of the ancient Church drew deeply from the rites and the Scriptures of ancient Israel, as does our own liturgy today. In Chapter 2, we considered how Jesus instituted the Mass during the feast of Passover. His “thanksgiving”—His Eucharist—would fulfill, perfect, and surpass the Passover sacrifice. This connection was clear to the first generation of Christians, many of whom were devout Jews. Thus the prayers of Passover soon found their way into the Christian liturgy.

  Consider the prayers over the wine and the unleavened bread in the Passover meal: “Blessed are You, Lord our God, Creator of the fruit of the vine. . . . Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who brings forth bread from the earth.” The phrase “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Hosts! The earth is full of His glory” (Is 6:3) was another commonplace of Jewish worship, which found its way immediately into Christian rites. We will encounter it in the Book of Revelation, but it also appears in a letter composed by the fourth pope, St. Clement of Rome, around the year A.D. 96.

  TODAH RECALL

  Perhaps the most striking liturgical “ancestor” of the Mass is thetodah of ancient Israel. The Hebrew word todah, like the Greek Eucharist, means “thank offering” or “thanksgiving.” The word denotes a sacrificial meal shared with friends in order to celebrate one's gratitude to God. A todah begins by recalling some mortal threat and then celebrates man's divine deliverance from that threat. It is a powerful expression of confidence in God's sovereignty and mercy.

  Psalm 69 is a good example. An urgent plea for deliverance (“Save me, O God!”), it is at the same time a celebration of that eventual deliverance (“I will praise the name of God with a song . . . For the Lord hears the needy”).

  Perhaps the classic example of the todah is Psalm 22, which begins with “My God, my God, why have You forsaken me?” Jesus Himself quoted this as He hung dying upon the cross. His listeners would have recognized the reference, and they would have known that this song, which begins with a cry of dereliction, ends on a triumphant note of salvation. Citing this todah, Jesus demonstrated His own confident hope for deliverance.

  The similarities between todah and Eucharist go beyond their common meaning of thanksgiving. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger has written: “Structurally speaking, the whole of Christology, indeed the whole of Eucharistic Christology, is present in the todah spirituality of the Old Testament.” Both the todah and the Eucharist present their worship through word and meal. Moreover, the todah, like the Mass, includes an unbloody offering of unleavened bread and wine.

  The ancient rabbis made a significant prediction regarding thetodah. “In the coming [Messianic] age, all sacrifices will cease except the todah sacrifice. This will never cease in all eternity” (Pesiqta, I, p. 159).

  ACCEPT NO SUBSTITUTES

  From Antioch, in Syria, again comes our next witness to the newborn Church's Eucharistic doctrine. Around A.D. 107, St. Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, wrote often of the Eucharist as he traveled westward to his martyrdom. He speaks of the Church as “the place of sacrifice.” And to the Philadelphians he wrote: “Take care, then, to have but one Eucharist. For there is one flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, and one cup to show forth the unity of His blood; one altar, as there is one bishop, along with the priests and deacons, my fellow-servants.” In his letter to the Church of Smyrna, Ignatius lashed out against heretics who, even at that early date, were denying the true doctrine: “From the Eucharist and prayer they hold aloof, because they do not confess that the Eucharist is the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ.” He counsels readers on the marks of a true liturgy: “Let that be deemed a proper Eucharist which is administered either by the bishop or by one to whom he has entrusted it.”

  Ignatius spoke of the sacrament with a realism that must have been shocking to people unfamiliar with the mysteries of Christian faith. Surely it was words like his, taken out of context, that fed the Roman Empire's gossip mills, which in turn spewed out the charges of cannibalism. In the following decades, the Church's defense fell to a scholarly convert from Samaria named Justin. It was Justin who lifted the veil of secrecy over the ancient liturgy. In A.D. 155, he wrote to the Roman emperor describing what we can, even now, recognize as the Mass. It's worth quoting at length:

  On the day we call the day of the sun, all who dwell in the city or country gather in the same place. The memoirs of the apostles and the writings of the prophets are read, as much as time permits. When the reader has finished, he who presides over those gathered admonishes and challenges them to imitate these beautiful things. Then we all rise together and offer prayers for ourselves . . . and for all others, wherever they may be, so that we may be found righteous by our life and actions, and faithful to the commandments, so as to obtain eternal salvation. When the prayers are concluded we exchange the kiss. Then someone brings bread and a cup of water and wine mixed together to him who presides over the brethren. He takes them and offers praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Spirit and for a considerable time he gives thanks (in Greek:eucharistian) that we have been judged worthy of these gifts. When he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all present give voice to an acclamation by saying: “Amen.” When he who presides has given thanks and the people have responded, those whom we call deacons give to those present the “eucharisted” bread, wine and water and take them to those who are absent.

  Justin begins his description by placing it squarely on “the day of the sun”—Sunday, which was the day Jesus rose from the dead. This identification of “the Lord's day” with Sunday is the universal testimony of the early Christians. As the primary day of worship, Sunday had fulfilled and replaced the seventh day, the sabbath of the Jews. It was the Lord's day, for example, when John, worshiping “in the Spirit,” had his vision of the Apocalypse (Rev 1:10).

  TEXT AND GRAPHICS

  Justin explains the Church's sacrifice and sacrament. Yet he does not downplay the Real Presence. He uses the same graphic realism as his predecessor, Ignatius: “The food that has been made the Eucharist by the prayer of His word, and which nourishes our flesh and blood by assimilation, is both the flesh and blood of that Jesus Who was made flesh.”

  When speaking with Jews, Justin went further and explained that the Passover sacrifice and the Temple sacrifices were mere foreshadowings of the one sacrifice of Jesus Christ and its re-presentation in the liturgy: “And the offering of fine flour . . . which was prescribed to be presented on behalf of those purified from leprosy, was a type of the bread of the Eucharist, the celebration of which our Lord Jesus Christ prescribed.”

  Such was the catholic, or universal, experience of the Eucharist. Yet, while the doctrine remained the same throughout the world, the liturgy was, for the most part, a local affair. Each bishop was responsible for the celebration of the Eucharist in his territory, and, gradually, different regions developed their own styles of liturgical practice: Syrian, Roman, Gallican, and so on. What is remarkable, however, is how much all these liturgies—widely varied as they were—kept in common. With few exceptions, they shared the same basic elements: a rite of repentance, readings from the
Scriptures, the singing or recitation of psalms, a homily, an “angelic hymn,” a Eucharistic Prayer, and Holy Communion. The churches followed St. Paul in taking special care to transmit the words of institution, the words that transform the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ: “This is My body . . . This is the cup of My blood.”

  THAT OLD FAMILIAR REFRAIN

  From the beginning of the third century onward, the papyrus trail shows a greater concern with preserving the precise words of the liturgies attributed to the Apostles. In the early 300s A.D., in northern Syria, surfaces another compilation of the received tradition: the Didascalia Apostolorum (“Teaching of the Apostles”). The Didascalia includes pages of texts of prayers as well as detailed instructions for the liturgical roles and etiquette of bishops, priests, deacons, women, children, young adults, widows, orphans, and travelers.

  Around A.D. 215, Hippolytus of Rome composed his great work, The Apostolic Tradition, in which he set down the liturgical and theological teachings the Roman Church had preserved from the days of the Apostles. One section sets out a tightly scripted liturgy for the ordination of priests. Whereas in Justin's description we can “see” our Mass, in Hippolytus's work we can hear it.

  PRIEST: The Lord be with you.

  CONGREGATION: And with your spirit.

  PRIEST: Let us lift up our hearts.

  CONGREGATION: We lift them up to the Lord.

  PRIEST: Let us give thanks to the Lord.

  CONGREGATION: It is right and just.

  From the same period, we find the oldest texts of the liturgies that claimed apostolic lineage, the liturgies of St. Mark, St. James, and St. Peter—liturgies still used in many places throughout the world. The liturgy of St. James was the favored rite of the ancient Jerusalem Church, which claimed James as its first bishop. The liturgies of James, Mark, and Peter are theologically dense, rich in poetry, rich in citations from the Scriptures. Remember, since few people could read, and still fewer could afford to have books copied out, the liturgy was the place where Christians absorbed the Bible. So, from the Church's earliest days, the Mass has been saturated with the Scriptures.